Hedychium spicatum Sm.: A comprehensive review of its vulnerability and medicinal potential

Abstract

Hedychium spicatum Sm., belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, is a rhizomatous perennial herb that holds significant value in traditional medicine, aromatic industries and culinary practices across various cultures, particularly in South and southeast Asia. The plant has been extensively used in ethnomedicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and traditional folk medicine for the management of a wide range of ailments, including inflammatory disorders, pain, asthma, bronchitis, gastrointestinal issues and hematological conditions. This review provides a comprehensive examination of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of H. spicatum. Key bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils and phenolic acids have been identified, many of which are associated with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic and immunomodulatory effects. The commercial potential of the plant is also explored, especially in the context of natural product-based drug development, perfumery and food preservation. Despite its traditional importance and promising pharmacological profile, scientific validation and standardization of the plant remain limited. This review highlights current research progress, identifies critical gaps in phytochemical and clinical studies and proposes future directions for integrating this medicinal herb into evidence-based therapeutic applications and sustainable utilization strategies.